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reduced order modeling

reduced order modeling is a technique for reducing the computational complexity or storage requirements of a model while preserving the expected fidelity within a satisfactory error. working with a surrogate reduced order model (rom) can simplify analysis and control design.

why use reduced order modeling?

using reduced order modeling techniques, you can:

speed up system-level desktop simulation and analysis of higher-order large-scale systems — large-scale, high-fidelity nonlinear models can take hours or even days to simulate. you can use roms to speed up such simulations. the need for roms is more pronounced for system analysis and design workflows that require of high-fidelity model simulations.
perform hardware-in-the-loop testing — you can use roms to run real-time simulations of complex physical models for testing on hardware. the reduced complexity and storage requirements of roms make such testing more feasible.
enable system-level simulation — you can combine multiple complex component-level models, including third-party finite element method (fem) or finite element analysis (fea) models, into system-level simulation models in simulink^® by replacing the complex models with corresponding roms.
create digital twins — you can create or simplify digital twin models using roms. doing so makes the digital twins more computationally efficient and more suitable for periodic updates to represent the current state of the operational asset.
perform control design — the reduced complexity of roms can make control design tasks more tractable. you can design your controller to control a rom plant and then validate the controller on the original high-fidelity system.
create virtual sensors — you can use roms as virtual sensors for estimating or predicting signals of interest when it is impractical or impossible to use a physical sensor to measure those signals.

reduced order modeling methods

there are two main classes of techniques for building reduced order models: data-driven and linearization-based.

when creating data-driven and linearization-based reduced order models, you must decide what trade-offs you are willing to make to speed up a model. the most suitable type of rom technique depends on the application. for example, when creating data-driven roms, you sacrifice physical insights of the model. when creating a linearization-based rom, you might need to eliminate system dynamics beyond a certain frequency in the reduced model. an extreme case is when the reduced order model captures only steady-state system behavior.

data-driven methods

data-driven methods use input-output data from the original high-fidelity first-principles model to construct a rom that accurately represents the underlying system. data-driven roms can be either static or dynamic models.

the following techniques are useful for creating static roms.

(curve fitting toolbox)
(simulink)
(statistics and machine learning toolbox)
(statistics and machine learning toolbox)

if you have system identification toolbox™ software, you can develop dynamic roms using techniques such as:

if you have deep learning toolbox™ software, you can develop dynamic roms using techniques such as:

(deep learning toolbox)
(deep learning toolbox)
(deep learning toolbox)

nonlinear arx models can use regression functions based on machine learning algorithm available with statistics and machine learning toolbox™ software.

linearization-based methods

to create a rom, you can linearize a nonlinear high-fidelity model at several operating points and combine the resulting linear models into a linear parameter-varying model. for an example, see (simulink control design).

you can also reduce the number of states in a higher-order linear model using model order reduction techniques. doing so is particularly helpful when the linearized models of a high-fidelity system or the linear models themselves contain states that do not contribute to the dynamics of interest. for more information, see the following examples:

reduce model order using model reducer app (control system toolbox)
(control system toolbox)

once you have a linearized rom model, you can specify the linearization for model components in simulink. for an example, see (simulink control design).

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