dl-凯发k8网页登录

introduction

the downlink shared channel (dl-sch) is described in ts36.212, section 5.3.2 [ 2 ]. this example demonstrates how a transmitter retransmits a single codeword over a single layer, using a different redundancy version (rv) each time until the crc of the received codeword indicates a successful transmission. the dl-sch transmission is 16qam modulated with a 1/2 target coding rate transmitted over single antenna port. the setup used in this example is based on fixed reference channel r.3 defined in table a.3.3.1-2 of ts36.101 [ 1 ].

hybrid automatic repeat request (hybrid-arq) is a combination of forward error correction (fec) and automatic repeat request in an optimal manner. hybrid-arq schemes are commonly used to facilitate reliable communication over noisy wireless channels. harq is able to compensate for link adaptation errors and provides a finer granularity of coding rate, resulting in better throughput performance than other fec schemes.

there are three types of hybrid arq: type i, type-ii and type-iii.

hybrid arq type i

the simplest method: hybrid arq type i uses the crc to detect whether or not an error in transmission has occurred. if a packet is found to be in error a retransmission request will be sent to the transmitter and the erroneous packet will be discarded. the transmitter will then retransmit the same packet until the packet is successfully decoded by the receiver or the maximum retransmission limit is reached.

hybrid arq type i can be extended to include packet combining, this is known as hybrid arq type i with packet combing or chase combining. after each failed retransmission the erroneous packets are stored in a buffer. the receiver then uses maximum ratio combining to combine each received channel bit with any previous transmissions of the same bit and the combined signal is fed to the decoder. chase combining does not give any additional coding gain, it only increases the accumulated received signal to noise ratio for each retransmission.

hybrid arq type ii

in hybrid arq type ii, also known as full incremental redundancy (ir), each retransmission is not necessarily identical to the original transmission. instead, multiple sets of coded bits are generated and whenever a retransmission is required the retransmitted data represents a different set of coded bits than the previous transmission. the receiver combines the retransmission with previous transmission attempts of the same packet. as the retransmission contains additional parity bits, not included in the previous transmission attempts, the resulting code rate is generally lowered by subsequent retransmissions. each transmission contains a different set of parity bits resulting in a higher coding gain when compared to chase combining.

hybrid arq type iii

the final method hybrid arq type iii, also known as partial ir, decreases the coding rate by sending additional redundancy bits in each retransmission. it does however ensure that retransmissions are able to self-decode. this means the retransmitted packet can be chase combined with previous packets to increase the diversity gain.

harq process in lte

lte utilizes ir harq with a 1/3 turbo encoder used for fec. the transport block (tb) crc is used to detect errors. the receiver only receives different punctured versions of the same turbo-encoded data; each of these retransmissions are self decodable. thus, it falls into category of a type iii hybrid arq.

in lte retransmissions are sent with an initial coding rate of 1/2 or 3/4. the maximum number of simultaneous dl-harq processes (number of pdsch transmissions catered for) is limited to 8 as specified in ts36.213, section 7 [ 3 ].

in lte, the n-channel stop-and-wait protocol is used as the hybrid arq protocol as it offers low buffering requirements and low acknowledgment (ack)/negative acknowledgment (nack) feedback overhead.

dl-harq process in the lte toolbox

in this example a transport block is generated and undergoes dl-sch coding to create a codeword. the codeword undergoes physical downlink shared channel coding to form complex modulated symbols.

additive white gaussian noise is added to the symbols. the noisy symbols then undergo receiver processing to obtain the transmitted codeword. the codeword is then turbo rate recovered, code block desegmented and crc block decoded to check if transmission was successful. if a crc error is detected in the transport block then a retransmission is made using a different rv. this process continues until the transmission is successful or the retransmission limit is reached.

cell-wide settings

cell wide settings are specified in a structure enb.

enb.ndlrb = 50;                % no of downlink rbs in total bw
enb.cyclicprefix = 'normal';   % cp length
enb.phichduration = 'normal';  % phich duration
enb.ncellid = 10;              % cell id
enb.cellrefp = 1;              % single antenna ports
enb.duplexmode = 'fdd';        % fdd duplex mode
enb.cfi = 2;                   % 2 pdcch symbols
enb.ng = 'sixth';              % hich groups
enb.nsubframe = 0;             % subframe number 0

pdsch transmission mode configuration

the physical downlink shared channel (pdsch) is configured using a structure pdsch for a single antenna transmission scheme.

pdsch.nlayers = 1;                % no of layers to map the transport block
pdsch.txscheme = 'port0';         % transmission scheme
pdsch.modulation = {'16qam'};     % modulation
pdsch.rv = 0;                     % initialize redundancy version
pdsch.rnti = 500;                 % radio network temporary identifier
pdsch.nturbodecits = 5;           % number of turbo decoder iterations
pdsch.prbset = (0:enb.ndlrb-1).'; % define the prbset
pdsch.csi = 'on';                 % csi scaling of soft bits

downlink coding configuration

define the parameters required for dl-sch encoding. the transport block size used here is as defined for r.3 rmc in table a.3.3.1-2 of ts36.101 [ 1 ]. the dl-sch coded block size can be calculated by the function using enb and pdsch. the ltepdschindices function returns an information structure as its second output, containing the parameter g which specifies the number of coded and rate-matched dl-sch data bits to satisfy the physical pdsch capacity.

rvindex = 0;                                  % redundancy version index
transportblksize = 12960;                     % transport block size
[~,pdschindicesinfo] = ltepdschindices(enb,pdsch,pdsch.prbset);
codedtrblksize = pdschindicesinfo.g;          % available pdsch bits
dlschtransportblk = randi([0 1], transportblksize, 1); % dl-sch data bits
% possible redundancy versions (number of retransmissions)
redundancyversions = 0:3;

retransmission loop

this example models a single harq process. after every transmission the value of blkcrcerr is used to check for a successful transmission of a transport block. if a crc error is detected i.e. blkcrcerr >=1 then a retransmission is performed using a different rv value.

the first transmission is done using a rv of 0, this indicates the initialization stage. if a crc error is detected by the user equipment (ue) it sends a nack to the base station (bs) so that a retransmission is initiated using a different rv value. a value of 1 or greater returned for the block crc error.

the enodeb will keep transmitting the same transport block using different rv values until the ue receives an error free transport block or the total retransmission limit occurs. in lte the total number of harq processes which can be initiated at any given time is 8.

to transmit and receive a transport block the following steps occur:

% define soft buffer
decstate = [];
% noise power can be varied to see the different rv
snr = 4; % db
% initial value
blkcrcerr = 1;
while blkcrcerr >= 1
    % increment redundancy version for every retransmission
    rvindex = rvindex   1;
    if rvindex > length(redundancyversions)
        error('failed transmission');
    end
    pdsch.rv = redundancyversions(rvindex);
    % pdsch payload
    codedtrblock = ltedlsch(enb, pdsch, codedtrblksize, ...
                   dlschtransportblk);
    % pdsch symbol generation
    pdschsymbols = ltepdsch(enb, pdsch, {codedtrblock});
    % add noise to pdschsymbols to create noisy complex modulated symbols
    pdschsymbolsnoisy = awgn(pdschsymbols,snr);
    % pdsch receiver processing
    rxcw = ltepdschdecode(enb, pdsch, pdschsymbolsnoisy);
    % dl-sch channel decoding
    [rxbits, blkcrcerr, decstate] = ltedlschdecode(enb, ...
        pdsch, transportblksize, rxcw, decstate);
end

blkcrcerr is the block crc error for the received transport block. the ue sends a nack if it detects crc error on received transport block. also, the new soft buffer, decstate, contents are available at the output of this function to be used next time around.

using this example it is possible to observe the effect that the noise has on the number of retransmissions required for successful reception. in this example, for the given level of noise added to the transmitted symbols, a total of 1 retransmission is required to successfully receive the data.

fprintf(['\n\ntransmission successful, total number of redundancy ' ...
    'versions used is ' num2str(redundancyversions(rvindex)   1) ' \n\n']);

transmission successful, total number of redundancy versions used is 2 

selected bibliography